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This is more elegant than the previous method, but has all the same problems. Programmers may forget to use it, and error codes change from release to release. Exceptions provide a solution to these problems by forcing a programmer to deal with them, and provide guarantees that the program will exit if they do not. When an exception is not caught by a program, the program will exit. A forced exit is much safer than continuing to run in an error state and risk compromising critical data. More formally, an exception is an unexpected error, or exceptional condition, that may occur in a program. Code that creates such a condition is said to throw the exception, and code that processes the condition is said to catch the exception. In .NET,

Table 27-5

exceptions are implemented as classes. Almost all exceptions inherit from the System.Exception class.

The STL Algorithms (continued)

.

One problem with exceptions in other languages is that they are expensive to support. Modern languages like Java and C# have done away with this problem by designing exceptions into the language so that compilers can handle them cheaply and gracefully. The format used to process exceptions is the well-known try-catch blocks used in distributed computing interfaces and C++ development environments for many years. A portion of code where exceptions may be caught is enclosed in a try block, and the portion of code that handles an exception is enclosed in a catch block. We will discuss this syntax in more detail in a moment. First, let s add such a block to the code where we create the Bitmap object. Here is our existing code:

Arranges a sequence such that all elements for which a predicate returns true come before those for which the predicate returns false The partitioning is stable This means that the relative ordering of the sequence is preserved Sorts a range The sort is stable This means that equal elements are not rearranged Exchanges two values Exchanges elements in a range Applies a function to a range of elements and stores the outcome in a new sequence Eliminates duplicate elements from range Finds the last point in a sequence that is not greater than some value

Table 27-5

if (dlg.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK) { imgPhoto.Image = new Bitmap(dlg.OpenFile()); }